Understanding intraocular neoplasms from the perspective of ocular pathology

Ocular pathology is an important branch of histopathology, which plays a key role in understanding and revealing ocular diseases.In ophthalmology, retinoblastoma (RB) and uveal melanoma (UM) are common primary malignant intraocular neoplasms, which seriously endanger patients’ lives.About two thirds of RB patients are caused by sporadic somatic mutations in the Rb1 gene, and the other one third of RB patients are caused by germline mutations in the Rb1 gene, which occur in the early age, are usually bilateral and transmissible to offsprings.High-risk histopathologic factors of RB mainly include the retrolaminar optic nerve invasion and/or massive choroidal invasion, and these are main indications for postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy.At present, due to lack of effective systemic therapy, about half of UM patients succumb to distant metastasis, most of which are hepatic metastases.Poor prognostic indicators of intraocular neoplasms include large tumor, ciliary body involvement, epithelioid cell type, extraocular diffusion, etc.Monosomy 3 and class 2 gene expression profile are currently accurate and objective prognostic indicators.