Long-term regression of retinopathy of prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is one of the leading causes of childhood blindness worldwide. Previously considered a disease primarily affecting neonates and infants, recent studies have revealed the far-reaching impact of ROP. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance for ophthalmologists to fully understand the possible long-term complications in children with ROP. The article conducts a comprehensive analysis across five domains: anterior segment, posterior segment, long-term visual function, systemic complications or comorbidities, and long-term complications post-anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)treatment. In the anterior segment, refractive errors, cataract, and glaucoma are major complications significantly affecting the vision of preterm infants. Regarding the posterior segment, vitreous hemorrhage, delayed retinal detachment, and retinal vascular abnormalities are typical manifestations of ROP, closely linked to the prognosis of preterm infants. The impact on long-term visual function is primarily reflected in visual development and the progression of retinal pathology. Systemic complications or comorbidities, such as neurological and respiratory system issues, further complicate ROP. Anti-VEGF treatment, a crucial strategy for ROP management, raises concerns about its long-term sequelae. By thoroughly exploring these key aspects, this article aims to provide a comprehensive perspective for clinicians to better understand the long-term outcomes of ROP, thereby offering more effective treatment and management strategies for affected children.